Too beautiful…
"Change is the law of life. Those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future."
--- John F. Kennedy (JFK)
Save Water Save Earth
At Least Plant A Tree On Your Birth
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21 April, 2008
Ten most beautiful Indian roads!!!
Good Articles on YOGA & especially Back pain / neck pain
http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/finder/therapeutic_focus
Best Regards,
chirag gandhi
project manager
mudra
mudra towers
shanti sadan society ellisbridge
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Top 9 unique structures
Too good…
There is no such thing as failure. Failure is only success delayed.
From:
Subject: Top 9 unique structures
Guinness' Book Of Records
A very good one…
"The only way to discover the limits of the possible is to go beyond them into the impossible."
- - - Arthur C. Clarke
From:
14 April, 2008
Technical: FAQ ---> CYBERLAW ->> IT related Persons MUST READ / print and file it for records
Good informative one…
"Action is the foundational key to all Success."
From: Sent: Saturday, April 12, 2008 9:40 AM
Subject: FAQ ---> CYBERLAW ->> IT related Persons MUST READ / print andfileit for records
Importance: High
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| CYBERLAW |
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| Q.1. What is the introductory background for Cyberlaws ? Since the beginning of civilization, man has always been motivated by the need to make progress and better the existing technologies. This has led to tremendous development and progress which has been a launching pad for further development. Of all the significant advances made by mankind from the beginning till date, probably the important of them is the development of Internet. To put in a common man’s language, Internet is a global network of computers, all of them speaking the same language. In 1969, The real power of today's Internet is that it is available to anyone with a computer and a telephone line. Internet places at an individual's hands the immense and invaluable power of information and communication. Internet usage has significantly increased over the past few years. The number of data packets which flowed through the Internet have increased dramatically. According to International Data Corporation ("IDC"), approximately 163 million individuals or entities will use the Internet by the end of this year as opposed to 16.1 million in 1995. If left to its own measure, it is highly unlikely that such a trend can reverse itself. Given this present state of the Internet, the necessity of Cyberlaws becomes all the more important. Q.2. Why is there a need for Cyberlaw ? When Internet was developed, the founding fathers of Internet hardly had any inclination that Internet could transform itself into an all pervading revolution which could be misused for criminal activities and which required regulation. Today, there are many disturbing things happening in cyberspace. Due to the anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible to engage into a variety of criminal activities with impunity and people with intelligence, have been grossly misusing this aspect of the Internet to perpetuate criminal activities in cyberspace. Hence the need for Cyberlaws. Internet is believed to be full of anarchy and a system of law and regulation therein seems contradictory. However, cyberspace is being governed by a system of law and regulation called Cyberlaw. There is no one exhaustive definition of the term “Cyberlaw”. Simply speaking, Cyberlaw is a generic term which refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and the World Wide Web. Anything concerned with or related to or emanating from any legal aspects or issues concerning any activity of netizens and others, in Cyberspace comes within the ambit of Cyberlaw. The growth of Electronic Commerce has propelled the need for vibrant and effective regulatory mechanisms which would further strengthen the legal infrastructure, so crucial to the success of Electronic Commerce. All these regulatory mechanisms and legal infrastructures come within the domain of Cyberlaw. Cyberlaw is important because it touches almost all aspects of transactions and activities on and concerning the Internet, the World Wide Web and Cyberspace. Initially it may seem that Cyberlaws is a very technical field and that it does not have any bearing to most activities in Cyberspace. But the actual truth is that nothing could be further than the truth. Whether we realize it or not, every action and every reaction in Cyberspace has some legal and Cyber legal perspectives. Yes, Cyberlaw does concern me. As the nature of Internet is changing and this new medium is being seen as the ultimate medium ever evolved in human history, every activity of yours in Cyberspace can and will have a Cyberlegal perspective. From the time you register your Domain Name, to the time you set up your web site, to the time you promote your website, to the time you conduct electronic commerce transactions on the said site, at every point of time, there are various Cyberlaw issues involved. You may not be bothered about these issues today because you may feel that they are very distant from you and that they do not have an impact on your Cyber activities. But sooner or later, you will have to tighten your belts and take note of Cyberlaw for your own benefit. Today, the awareness about Cyberlaw is beginning to grow. Many technical experts in the beginning felt that legal regulation of Internet is not necessary. But with the rapid growth of technologies and Internet, it is crystal clear that no activity on Internet can remain free from the influence of Cyberlaw. Publishing a Web page is an excellent way for any commercial business or entity to vastly increase its exposure to millions of persons, organisations and governments world-wide. It is that feature of the Internet which is causing much controversy in the legal community. Yes, Cyberlaw is constantly being evolved. As new and new opportunities and challenges are surfacing, Cyberlaw, being a constantly evolving process, is suitably modifying itself to fit the call of the time. As the Internet grows, numerous legal issues arise. These issues vary from Domain Names, to Intellectual Property Rights to Electronic Commerce to Privacy to Encryption to Electronic Contracts to Cybercrime to Online Banking to Spamming and so on. The list is very long. Q.8. What is the stage of development of Cyberlaw today ? Cyberlaw today, on a global scale, is at an early stage of development. Just as different civilizations and societies in history have taken time to develop and refine their legal systems, in the case of Internet too, it will take some time for Cyberlaws to be fully developed and refined. Different countries in different parts of the world are adopting their own strategies to this new field. Q.9. What is an IP address ? The Internet is a network of computers. Each computer on the said network has its own distinct entity and presence. That is the reason why every computer is given a distinct Electronic Address called the Internet Protocol address or in short IP address. This IP address is given by numerical values like 202.54.15.75. The IP address is just like any telephone number which identifies a particular computer on the Internet. Since it is not possible to remember each and every numerical value of an IP address, the system of domain names evolved. Internet domain names, in a common man's language, are used as an easy-to-remember alias which point to a specific IP address. The dominant purpose of the domain name is simply to provide an easy method for remembering another's electronic address. It's a unique name used to identify, among other things, a specific Web site. Thus a typical domain name would be http://www.indiainfoline.com/. Any domain name consist of two components, namely the top level domain name(TLD) and a second level domain name. Thus in the said example, http://www.indiainfoline.com, ".com" would be the top level domain name while "indiainfoline" would be second level domain name. As on date, there are two categories of top level domain names. In the first category comes the domain names .com, .net, .org, .edu. When the system of registering domain names began, the norms were that the .com name is to be given to commercial organizations, while others such as .org, .net, .gov and .edu are to be assigned to non-commercial organizations, network providers, government agencies and educational institutions respectively. However, as time has passed, due to the enhanced volumes of domain name registrations, the said norms have been abandoned and today anyone can, without any restriction of any kind whatsoever, can register any domain name. The domain names were initially registered by Network Solutions only, who had the sole monopoly to register the said TLDs. This monopoly of Network Solutions continued for many years and only in 1999, the Internet Corporation Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) allowed other accredited registrars to register domain names. Today there are more than 100 registrars with whom one can register a TLD. The unique feature of domain names is that the said domain names are given on "first come, first served" basis. This feature of domain names gives rise to numerous legal issues and disputes. Thus the important thing in domain names registration is speed. To take an example, the domain name www.microsoft.org was available and was registered by Amit Mehrotra much before Microsoft Corporation could think of it. This led to numerous ticklish legal issues. Microsoft Corporation, despite having the trademark Microsoft, could not get the domain name www.microsoft.org because of the "first come, first served" criteria of domain name registration. Q.15. How are Domain Names different from Trade Marks ? To put it simply, Domain names are indeed different from trademarks. While it is possible that the same trademark may be registered by different persons in different categories and different lines of businesses, it may be possible to only register one domain name corresponding to such trademark. This aspect of domain names has led to numerous legal problems. The Internet history has shown that while some corporate players have been willing to and have indeed coughed up money to get back their legitmate domain names, the recent trend is more towards taking the cybersquatters by the horns and fighting them out by legal processes. Courts throughout the world, including in The latest breath of fresh air in the fight against Cybersquatting has been the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy which has been duly approved by ICANN. Under the said Domain Names Dispute Resolution Policy, a summary procedure is adopted to adjudicate the complaint of any complainant relating to any domain name on payment of processing fees. This policy has been in operation since the end of last year. When Internet was developed, the founding fathers of Internet hardly had any inclination that Internet could also be misused for criminal activities. Today, there are many disturbing things happening in cyberspace. Cybercrime refers to all the activities done with criminal intent in cyberspace. These could be either the criminal activities in the conventional sense or could be activities, newly evolved with the growth of the new medium. Because of the anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible to engage into a variety of criminal activities with impunity and people with intelligence, have been grossly misusing this aspect of the Internet to perpetuate criminal activities in cyberspace. The field of Cybercrime is just emerging and new forms of criminal activities in cyberspace are coming to the forefront with the passing of each new day. There can be no one exhaustive definition about Cybercrime. However, any activities which basically offend human sensibilities, can also be included in its ambit. Child Pornography on the Internet constitutes one serious Cybercrime. Similarly, online pedophiles, using internet to induce minor children into sex, are as much Cybercriminals as any others. Cybercrimes can be basically divided into 3 major categories being Cybercrimes against persons, property and Government. Q.23. Tell us more information about Cybercrimes against persons ? Cybercrimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer such as e-mail, and cyber-stalking. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography, indecent exposure, and child pornography, constitutes one of the most important Cybercrimes known today. The potential harm of such a crime to humanity can hardly be overstated. This is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the growth of the younger generation as also leave irreparable scars and injury on the younger generation, if not controlled. Cyber harassment is a distinct Cybercrime. Various kinds of harassment can and does occur in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace. Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious, or other. Persons perpetuating such harassment are also guilty of cybercrimes. Cyber harassment as a crime also brings us to another related area of violation of privacy of netizens. Violation of privacy of online citizens is a Cybercrime of a grave nature. No one likes any other person invading the precious and extremely touchy area of his or her own privacy which the medium of Internet grants to the netizen. The second category of Cybercrimes is that of Cybercrimes against all forms of property. These crimes include unauthorized computer trespassing through cyberspace, computer vandalism, transmission of harmful programs, and unauthorized possession of computerized information. Hacking and cracking are amongst the gravest Cybercrimes known till date. It is a dreadful feeling to know that a stranger has broken into your computer systems without your knowledge and consent and has tampered with precious confidential data and information. Coupled with this , the actuality is that no computer system in the world is hacking proof. It is unanimously agreed that any and every system in the world can be hacked. The recent denial of service attacks seen over the popular commercial sites like E-bay, Yahoo, Amazon and others are a new category of Cybercrimes which are slowly emerging as being extremely dangerous. Using one's own programming abilities as also various programmes with malicious intent to gain unauthorized access to a computer or network are very serious crimes. Similarly, the creation and dissemination of harmful computer programs or virii which do irreparable damage to computer systems is another kind of Cybercrime. Software piracy is also another distinct kind of Cybercrime which is perpetuated by many people online who distribute illegal and unauthorised pirated copies of software. Q.27. What is Cybercrime against Government ? The third category of Cybercrimes relate to Cybercrimes against Government. Cyber Terrorism is one distinct kind of crime in this category. The growth of Internet has shown that the medium of Cyberspace is being used by individuals and groups to threaten the international governments as also to terrorise the citizens of a country. This crime manifests itself into terrorism when an individual "cracks" into a government or military maintained website. Since Cybercrime is a newly specialised field, growing in Cyberlaws, a lot of development has to take place in terms of putting into place the relevant legal mechanism for controlling and preventing Cybercrime. As of now, there is absolutely no comprehensive law on Cybercrime any where in the world. This is reason that the investigating agencies like FBI are finding the Cyberspace to be an extremely difficult terrain. These various Cybercrimes fall into that grey area of Internet law which is neither fully nor partially covered by the existing laws and that too in some countries. Q.29. Is there any recent case which demonstrates the importance of having Cyberlaw on Cybercrime within the national jurisdictions of countries ? The most recent case of the virus "I love you" demonstrates the need for having cyberlaws concerning Cybercrimes in different national jurisdictions. At the time of the web publication of this feature, Reuters has reported that "The Q.30. What is the approach adopted by US Courts regarding Cybercrimes ? The courts in Q.31. Why do we need to fight Cybercrime ? We all must remember that Cyberspace is a common heritage of ours which we have inherited in our life times from the benefits of ever growing technologies. This Cyberspace is the lifeline of the entire universe and given its irreversible position today, it is the duty of every netizen to contribute toward making the said cyberspace free of any trouble or cybercrime. To rephrase the famous words of Rabindra Nath Tagore in today's context, "Where the Cyberspace is without fear or crime and the head is held high, where knowledge is free, where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection, ….. into that cyber heaven of freedom, O my father, let our humanity awake." |
11 April, 2008
Technical: What is hacking?
Good technical one…
"Change is the law of life. Those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future."
--- John F. Kennedy (JFK)
From: Sent: Friday, April 11, 2008 10:10 AM
Subject: What is hacking?
The term "hacker" used to mean computer programmer. Today it is used for persons who use computers to commit crime. Hacking raises several legal issues and jeopardizes privacy and security. It also raises questions on just how secure government, business, and private computers really are. It is argued that governments and businesses are already too dependent on computers. They could be setting themselves up for a fall at the hands of malicious hackers.
Institutions like research centers, defense organizations, financial networks, and educational networks are ideal targets for hackers. Individuals can suffer the consequences of malicious hackers when they trespass and damage computer systems that regulate our lives or access personal and confidential information.
Hacking started with telephone technology. In the
Hackers altered these off-the-shelf tone dialers by replacing the internal crystals with Radio Shack part #43-146. The alteration process took approximately 5 minutes. Having made these modifications, they programmed in the sounds of coins being inserted into a public telephone. From there, the remaining steps were simple. Hackers went to a public telephone and dialed a number. The telephone would request payment for the call. In response, the hacker would use the red box to emulate money being inserted into the machine. This resulted in obtaining free telephone service at most pay telephones.
Hacking Tools and Denial of Service Basics
Hackers use the following tools and techniques, some of which will be discussed in detail in this session:
1. Denial of service attacks: Denial of Service (DoS) is simply rendering a service offered by a workstation or server unavailable to others.
2. Distributed denial of service attacks: Distributed DoS attacks are interesting new phenomena. In this type of an attack the hacker (or a group of hackers) will use multiple computers (often belonging to unsuspecting persons who have been infected by a trojan) to launch a denial of service attack.
3.
4. Email bombing: This involves crashing of servers or overloading of networks by sending huge amounts of junk email.
5. Trojans
6. Viruses
Hacking - whether amounts to theft and/or criminal trespass
There is one view that the act of hacking is nothing but the combination of criminal trespass and mischief. To better understand this, let us see the relevant definitions as per the Indian Penal Code.
Section 441 of the Code says that: "whoever enters into or upon property in the possession of another with intent to commit an offence or to intimidate, insult or annoy any person in possession of such property, or having lawfully entered into or upon such property, unlawfully remains there with intent thereby to intimidate, insult or annoy any such person, or with intent to commit an offence, is said to commit criminal trespass.
Section 425 of the Code says that: "whoever with intent to cause, or knowing that he is likely to cause, wrongful loss or damage to the public or to any person, causes the destruction of any property, or any such change in any property or in the situation thereof as destroys or diminishes its value or utility or affects it injuriously, commits mischief". Applying the above sections to hacking would be correct if the following issue could be resolved unambiguously: whether information residing in a computer resource is "property" as envisaged by the Indian Penal Code.
Given below is a brief description of laws relating to hacking worldwide:
1. The
According to the Computer Misuse Act of 1990, a person is guilty of an offence if he causes a computer to perform any function with intent to secure access to any program or data held within a computer or if the access he intends to secure is unauthorized. The 1990 act failed to include eavesdropping and voyeurism, although criminal liability starts at an early stage.
The Computer Misuse Act covered employees accessing more information than they should be, using terminals at work. Most nations do not have this statute even though employee hacking is one of the most common acts. One important restriction in the
2.
German law dictates three years or less in prison for any person who obtains information (data) not meant for him/her which was protected by security measures. The German parliament defined data as stored or transmitted electronic/magnetic information. This definition of data allows messages sent by e-mail or the Internet to be protected as private.
3.
Citizens of
4.
The unique thing about Dutch law is that it can be broadly applied to indict a larger number of hackers. Dutch law makes it illegal to "breach computer peace", which is one of the world's loosest defined hacking laws. Hacking will get Dutch citizens up to four years in prison and fines not to exceed 25,000 guilders.
5.
Polish law takes a strong stand against eavesdropping. The 1993 Computer Criminal Code covers eavesdropping, viewing unauthorized data, disclosure of confidential data to a third party, and also takes measures to protect privacy. The only drawback is that the victim must initiate prosecution on an application, which slows down prosecution.
Glossary of hacking related terms
Back door
In the security of a system, a hole deliberately left in place by designers or maintainers. May be intended for use by service technicians.
Bit bucket
The universal data sink. Discarded, lost or destroyed data is said to have gone to the bit bucket. Sometimes amplified as The Great Bit Bucket in the Sky.
Cracker
One who breaks security on a system. Coined by hackers in defense against journalistic misuse of the term "hacker." The term "cracker" reflects a strong revulsion at the theft and vandalism perpetrated by cracking rings. There is far less overlap between hackerdom and crackerdom than most would suspect.
Deep magic
An awesomely arcane technique central to a program or system, especially one that could only have been composed by a true wizard. Many techniques in cryptography, signal processing, graphics and artificial intelligence are deep magic.
KISS
"Keep It Simple, Stupid." Often invoked when discussing design to fend off creeping featurism and control development complexity. Possibly related to the marketroid maxim, "Keep It Short and Simple."
Kluge
1. A Rube Goldberg (or Heath Robinson) device, whether in hardware or software.
2. A clever programming trick intended to solve a particularly nasty case in an expedient, if not clear, manner.
3. Something that works for the wrong reason.
Lots of MIPS but no I/O
A person who is technically brilliant but who can't seem to communicate with human beings effectively. Technically it describes a machine that has lots of processing power but is bottlenecked on input-output.
Phreaking
1. The art and science of cracking the phone network (so as, for example, to make free long-distance calls).
2. By extension, security-cracking in any other context (especially, but not exclusively, on communications networks).
Raster burn
Eyestrain brought on by too many hours of looking at low-resolution, poorly tuned or glare-ridden monitors, especially graphics monitors.
Security through obscurity
A hacker term for vendors' favorite way of coping with security holes -- namely, ignoring them; documenting neither any known holes nor the underlying security algorithms; or trusting that nobody will find out about them, and that people who did find about them won't exploit them. This "strategy" never works for long.
Sneaker
An individual hired to break into places in order to test their security; analogous to "tiger team."
Time bomb
A subspecies of logic bomb that is triggered by reaching some preset time; set to go off if the programmer is fired or laid off and is not present to perform the appropriate suppressing action periodically.
Trojan horse
A malicious, security-breaking program that is disguised as something benign
Vaporware
Products announced far in advance of any release.
Vulcan nerve pinch
The keyboard combination that forces a soft-boot. On many computers this is Ctrl-Alt-Del.
Wedged
To be stuck, incapable of proceeding without help. This is different from having crashed. If the system has crashed, it has become totally nonfunctioning. If the system is wedged, it is trying to do something but cannot make progress.
Wetware
The human nervous system, as opposed to computer hardware or software. Also refers to human beings (programmers, operators, administrators) attached to a computer system, as opposed to that system's hardware or software.
Wizard
A person who knows how a complex piece of software or hardware works; esp. someone who can find and fix bugs quickly in an emergency. Someone is a hacker if he or she has general hacking ability, but is a wizard only if he or she has detailed knowledge.
Zipperhead
A person with a closed mind.
What is Appraisal?
"Change is the law of life. Those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future."
--- John F. Kennedy (JFK)
From:.com]
Sent: Friday, April 11, 2008 11:32 AM
Have fun !
From:
One of the finest representations of appraisal!!!!
It's like working hard full year & finding yourself at the same position where you started???
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